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Methanol
Methanol Information
Derived from natural gas, methanol is a hydrocarbon, comprised of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Its chemical formula is CH3OH.
Methanol is an alcohol and is a colorless, neutral, polar and
flammable liquid. It is miscible with water, alcohols, esters and most
other organic solvents. It is only slightly soluble in fats and oils.
Detailed physical and chemical properties of methanol are provided
here and in the following pages.
Methanol is produced using a catalytic process with natural gas and
steam as the feedstocks. The natural gas is catalytically reformed to
carbon oxides and hydrogen. The resulting synthesis gas mixture is
circulated under pressure and moderate temperature in the presence of
a metallic catalyst and converted to crude methanol. The crude
methanol is distilled to yield commercial chemical grade methanol.
Other common names for methanol include methyl alcohol, methyl
hydrate, wood spirit, wood alcohol, and methyl hydroxide.
Methanol is used as a building block for many chemicals and products.
Other uses include windshield washer antifreeze, fuels, waste water
treatment and biodiesel production.
Physical Properties of Pure Methanol
| Molecular Weight |
32.04 g mol-1 [5] |
|
Boiling Point
760 mm Hg (101.3 kPa) |
64.6°C [5]
(148.3°F) |
| Critical Temperature |
512.5K [1]
(239°C; 463°F) |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Freezing Point |
-97.6°C [5]
(-143.7°F) |
| Critical Pressure |
8.084MPa [5]
(78.5 atm) |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Reid Vapour Pressure |
32 kPa [1] |
| Critical Density |
0.2715 g cm-3 [1] |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Flash Point |
|
| Critical Compressibility Factor |
0.224 [1] |
|
Open vessel (TCC method)
Closed vessel (TOC method) |
12.2°C (54.0°F) [10]
15.6°C (60.1°F) [1] |
Specific Gravity
|
|
|
Auto Ignition Temperature |
470°C (878°F) [10] |
| Liquid |
|
|
|
|
| (15°/4°C) |
0.7960 [3] |
|
Viscosity |
|
| (20°/4oC) |
0.7915 [3] |
|
Liquid |
|
| (25°/4oC) |
0.7866 [3] |
|
-25°C (-13°F) |
1.258 mPa s [5] |
| Vapour |
1.11 [3] |
|
0°C (32°F) |
0.793 mPa s [5] |
| |
|
|
25°C (77°F) |
0.544 mPa s [5] |
| Vapour Pressure |
|
|
Vapour |
|
| 20°C (68°F) |
12.8 kPa [4] |
|
25°C (77°F) |
9.68 μPa s [1] |
| |
(1.856 psia) |
|
127°C (261°F) |
13.2 μPa s [5] |
| |
(96 mm Hg) |
|
|
|
| 25°C (77°F) |
16.96 kPa [4] |
|
Surface Tension |
|
| |
(2.459 psia) |
|
20°C (68°F) |
22.6 mN m-1 [2] |
| |
(127.2 mm Hg) |
|
25°C (77°F) |
22.07 mN m-1 [5] |
| |
|
|
|
|
Latent Heat of
Vapourization |
|
|
Refractive Index |
|
| |
|
|
15°C (59°F) |
1.33066 [3] |
| 25°C (77°F) |
37.43 kJ mol-1 [5] |
|
20°C (68°F) |
1.32840 [10] |
| |
(279.0 cal g-1) |
|
25°C (77°F) |
1.32652 [1] |
| 64.6°C (148.3°F) |
35.21 kJ mol-1 [5] |
|
|
|
| |
(262.5 cal g-1) |
|
Thermal Conductivity |
|
| |
|
|
Liquid |
|
| Heat Capacity at Constant pressure |
|
|
0°C (32°F) |
207 mW m-1 K-1 [5] |
| |
|
|
25°C (77°F) |
200. mW m-1 K-1 [5] |
| 25°C (77°F) (101.3kPa) |
|
|
Vapour |
|
| Liquid |
81.08 J mol-1 K-1 [1] |
|
100°C (212°F) |
14.07 mW m-1 K-1 [5] |
| |
(0.604 cal g-1 K-1) |
|
127°C (261°F) |
26.2 mW m-1 K-1 [5] |
| |
(0.604 Btu lb-1 °F-1) |
|
|
|
| Vapour |
44.06 J mol-1 K-1 [1] |
|
Heat of Combustion |
|
| |
(0.328 cal g-1 K-1) |
|
Higher heating value (HHV) |
726.1 kJ mol-1 [5] |
| |
(0.328 Btu lb-1 °F-1) |
|
(25°C, 101.325kPa ) |
(22.7 kJ g-1) |
| |
|
|
Lower heating value (LHV) |
638.1 kJ mol-1 [calc] |
| |
|
|
(25°C, 101.325kPa ) |
(19.9 kJ g-1) |
| Coefficient of Cubic Thermal
Expansion |
|
|
|
|
| 20°C |
0.00149 per °C [5] |
|
Explosive Limits (in air) |
Lower 6.0(v/v)% [3] |
| 40°C |
0.00159 per °C [5] |
|
|
Upper 36.5(v/v)% [3] |
Some Binary Azeotropes of Methanol
The following table shows the proportion of methanol in some binary
mixtures.
(Constant Boiling Mixtures)
|
Component |
Pure boiling point of component
(°C @ 760 mm Hg)
|
Constant boiling point of mixture
(°C @ 760 mm Hg)
|
Methanol content of azeotrope
(wt%) |
|
Acetonitrile
[1] |
81.6 |
63.45 |
19 |
|
Acrylonitrile
[1] |
77.3 |
61.4 |
61.3 |
|
Acetone
[1] |
56.15 |
55.5 |
12 |
|
Benzene
[1]
Butyl Methyl Ether
[7] |
80.1
71.0 |
57.50
56.3 |
39.1
35.4 |
|
2-Butanone
[1] |
79.6 |
64.5 |
70 |
|
Carbon Tetrachloride
[4]
Chloroform
[7] |
76.8
61.2 |
55.7
53.5 |
20.7
12.5 |
|
Cyclohexane
[1] |
80 |
54 |
38 |
|
Cyclohexene
[1] |
82.75 |
55.9 |
40 |
|
Cyclopentane
[1]
Dichloromethane
[7] |
49.4
41.5 |
38.8
39.2 |
14
8 |
|
Ethyl acetate
[1] |
77.1 |
62.25 |
44 |
|
Ethyl formate [1]
Ethylene Dichloride
[7] |
54.15
83.5 |
50.95
59.5 |
16
35 |
|
Furan [1]
n-Hexane
[7] |
31.7
68 |
<30.5
50 |
<7
21.5 |
|
Methyl acetate
[1] |
57.1 |
53.9 |
17.7 |
|
Methyl acrylate
[1] |
80 |
62.5 |
54 |
|
Methyl methacrylate
[1] |
99.5 |
64.2 |
82 |
|
Methyl propionate
[1]
n-Octane
[7] |
79.8
125.6 |
62.45
63 |
47.5
72 |
|
n-Pentane
[1] |
36.15 |
30.85 |
7 |
|
Tetrahydrofuran
[1] |
66 |
60.7 |
31.0 |
|
Thiophene
[1] |
84 |
<59.55 |
<55 |
|
Toluene
[1] |
110.6 |
63.5 |
72.5 |
|
Trichloroethylene
[4] |
87 |
59.4 |
38.0 |
|
Some
Non-Azeotropes [7]
|
Acetaldehyde |
Ethane |
Propyl acetate |
|
Acetone (@ <100 mm Hg) Chloroethane
Cumene
Diethylamine
|
Ethanol
Diethyl ether
Ethylene Oxide
Isopropanol |
Pyridine
Triethylamine
Water
M/O/P-Xylenes |
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